Chapter 1 Working with HDV 13

About MPEG Compression

HD video requires significantly more data than SD video. A single HD video frame can

require up to six times more data than an SD frame. To record such large images with

such a low data rate, HDV uses long-GOP MPEG compression. MPEG compression

reduces the data rate by removing redundant visual information, both on a per-frame

basis and also across multiple frames.

Note: HDV specifically employs MPEG-2 compression, but the concepts of long-GOP

and I-frame-only compression discussed below apply to all versions of the MPEG

standard: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4 (including AVC/H.264). For the purposes of this

general explanation, the term MPEG here may refer to any of these formats.

Spatial (Intraframe) Compression

Within a single frame, areas of similar color and texture can be coded with fewer bits

than the original frame, thus reducing the data rate with a minimal loss in noticeable

visual quality. JPEG compression works in a similar way to compress still images.

Intraframe compression is used to create standalone video frames called I-frames

(short for intraframe).

Temporal (Interframe) Compression

Instead of storing complete frames, temporal compression stores only what has

changed from one frame to the next, which dramatically reduces the amount of data

that needs to be stored while still achieving high-quality images. Video is stored in

three types of frames: a standalone I-frame that contains a complete image, and then

predictive P-frames and bipredictive B-frames that store subsequent changes in the

image. Every half second or so, a new I-frame is introduced to provide a complete

image on which subsequent P- and B-frames are based. Together, a group of I-, P-, and

B-frames is called a group of pictures, or GOP. HDV uses a long-GOP pattern, which

means that there is at least one P- or B-frame for each I-frame.

Standard Definition Recording with an HDV Camcorder

In addition to recording HD video, most HDV camcorders can also record standard

definition DV video. You can capture, edit, and output this DV video just as you would

any other DV video.

Important: You should avoid recording DV and HDV video on the same tape. (You

should also avoid recording HDV footage using different frame sizes and frame rates

on the same tape.) This can cause problems during capture and playback.

An additional format defined within the HDV specification, known as SD, is available

on some JVC camcorders. Final Cut Pro does not support this format.

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